Primary Sources
Article 2. Mornings on Maple Street, morningsonmaplestreet.com/2014/11/26/arthur-albicker-page-one/article2/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a photograph of a newspaper article that is reporting that school attendance was up, with the new child labor laws in place. I will display the photographs on my website, to show my viewers evidence of the educational system improving. This was another one of the positive effects that Lewis Hine's stand had.
Bos, Carole "Poster: National Child Labor Committee" AwesomeStories.com. Oct 07, 2013. Nov 24, 2016.
This is a poster that the National Child Labor Committee published to try to persuade citizens to join the NCLC. I used this to gain information on the NCLC. The NCLC was a major part in Lewis Hine taking a stand against child labor.
CHILD LABOR, c1910. - A young cotton picker in the American South. Photographed c1910 by Lewis W. Hine.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 25 May 2016. http://quest.eb.com/search/140_1634831/1/140_1634831/cite. Accessed 9 Dec 2016.
This photograph shows a little boy who is obviously too young to be working. This article shows me first hand why child labor was such a hot topic, and why it was important Lewis Hine stood up against it. This photograph shows viewers the conditions Lewis Hine photographed, and gives them a sense of the impact his photographs had on its viewers.
CHILD LABOR, 1908. - Ten year old Sadie Feifer working in a North Carolina cotton mill. Photographed in 1908 by Lewis W. Hine.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016. quest.eb.com/search/140_1638887/1/140_1638887/cite. Accessed 18 Dec 2016.
This is a photograph of a young girl, 10 years old, that Lewis Hine captured of her working in the mill. This photograph displays one of Hine's techniques, which is having the subject stare directly into the camera, therefore causing the viewer to feel deep emotions, and sympathy for the child. This showed me the terrible conditions children faced, and why it was crucial for Hine to fight against child employers who were taking advantage of children, and why Lewis Hine's role in ending child labor was essential. This photograph displays to my viewers what conditions children faced, and the actions Hine took to end child labor.
CHILD LABOR: BOOTBLACK, 1924. - A young bootblack at work near City Hall Park in New York City. Photograph by Lewis Hine, 1924.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016. quest.eb.com/search/140_1705725/1/140_1705725/cite. Accessed 18 Dec 2016.
This is a photo of a young child who is shining a man's shoe on the side of the street, instead of learning in school. This photograph showed me what Lewis Hine did to take a stand, and the difference from then and today because of Hine. Today no child in the U.S. is shining shoes on the side of the street, but back then it was common. This photo informs my viewers on the working conditions children faced, and why it was necessary for Hine to take a stand, as well as what he did.
Child Labor Law at the Federal Level. Snohomish County Labor Council, www.snolabor.org/pages/laborlaw.htm. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a photograph of a newspaper article that was published reporting that the Keating Owens Act was ruled unconsitutional. This event on the child labor timeline is especially important, because it shows the tremendous struggle lawmakers, and activists went through in order to create labor laws.
ELLIS ISLAND: IMMIGRANTS. - Immigrants being served sandwiches and milk: photograph, c1920, by Lewis Hine at Ellis Island, New York.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/140_1657962/1/140_1657962/cite. Accessed 8 Jan 2017.
This is a photo of immigrants being served sandwiches at Ellis Island taken by Hine, at the beginning of his career. This was essential, because it was what triggered his passion for photography which led him to take a stand against child labor. I used these photos in a slideshow in my website to show my viewers his previous work.
GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, 1920. - German immigrants in a dining hall: photograph taken c1920, by Lewis Hine at Ellis Island, New York.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016. quest.eb.com/search/140_1629625/1/140_1629625/cite. Accessed 8 Jan 2017.
This is a photograph of German immigrants dining that Hine took in the beginning of his career, while at Ellis Island. These photographs allow me to show my viewers some of Hine's previous work before he began his massive project, entailing child labor. This is important because Hine's work at Ellis Island was the beginning of a long career in photography, which led him to take a stand against child labor.
Granger Historical Picture Archive Staff, editor. Lewis Hine Photographs. Granger - Historical Picture Archive, 2016. Granger Historical Picture Archive, www.granger.com/results.asp?search=1&screenwidth=1920&tnresize=200&pixperpage=40&searchtxtkeys=lewis%20hine&lstorients=132. Accessed 4 Nov. 2016.
This is a series of more than eight hundred photographs taken by Lewis Hine. These photographs show children working in awful conditions, as well as immigrants, which were part of one of Lewis Hine's earlier projects. These photographs from Lewis Hine depict how Lewis Hine took a stand against child labor.
Hine, Lewis. "Bertha, a six-year old oyster shucker. Began work at 4 am, 1912." History in Photos, Blogger, 1912, historyinphotos.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2012-05-07T08:58:00-07:00&max-results=7&start=45&by-date=false. Accessed 9 Jan. 2017.
This is a photo of a young shucker, outside of the workplace, that Hine took when he couldnt gain entry. I will display this in my website to show viewers some photos that Hine took when he could not gain entry into the workplace. This is how Lewis Hine took a stand against child labor.
---. "Josie, six, Bertha, six, Sophie, 10, all shuck regularly. Maggioni Ca." History in Photos, Blogger, 4 May 2012, historyinphotos.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2012-05-07T08:58:00-07:00&max-results=7&start=45&by-date=false. Accessed 9 Jan. 2017.
This is a photograph of 3 girls out side of the workplace, who are oyster shuckers. I will display this in my website to show viewers some photos that Hine took when he could not gain entry into the workplace. These photos are how Lewis Hine fought against child labor.
---. "Lewis Hine Collection." Lewis Hine Collection, edited by UMBC Digital Collections Editors. UMBC Digital Collections, contentdm.ad.umbc.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/hinecoll. Accessed 8 Nov. 2016.
This is a collection of thousands of Lewis Hine's photographs. These photographs vary from his photos on child labor, Ellis Island, and his photos of the construction of the Empire State Building. This collection also includes a brief synopsis of Lewis Hine's life, including his different stages in his career and his early and late life.
---. "Notes." The Center on Congress at Indiana University, Trustees at Indiana University, 1909, tpscongress.indiana.edu/congressional-moments-html/3-primary-sources-gallery.html. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a photograph of the notes Lewis Hine made when he interviewed children in a Maryland cannery. This showed me how Hine was able to gain all of the information in his captions. I will display this photograph in my website to show my viewers how Hine obtained the information for his captions. With notes like these Hine was able to compose captions that helped him take a stand against child labor.
---. "Spinner in Vivian Cotton Mills." World Digital Library, Library of Congress, 12 Feb. 2016, www.wdl.org/en/item/206/. Accessed 3 Nov. 2016.
This photograph was one taken by Lewis Hine. This showed me, what his work was like, and the awful situation children were in during this time period. I can see the look of helplessness through her facial expressions.
Hine, Lewis W. At Society's Expense. NCLC. Media Storehouse, www.mediastorehouse.com/anti-child-labor-poster-american-exhibit-panel-showing/print/12318533.html?pid=80442. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a leaflet created by Lewis Hine with his photos, to try to persuade citizens to put an end to child labor. This shows my viewers how Hine took a stand, therefore they can understand why Hine's posters were so effective, because they will experience the guilt feelings that citizens did too, when they see those posters.
---. Child Labor is a National Menace. Child Labor, mrclark.aretesys.com/childlabor.htm. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This leaflet composed of Hine's photographs was made by Hine to try to convince the public to stop child labor. This displays what Hine did to stir the consciences of so many.
---. Everybody Pays but Few Profit by Child Labor. NCLC, 1913/1914. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/ncl2004002774/PP/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a poster designed by Lewis Hine, with his photos, and published by the NCLC with a goal of trying to persuade viewers to stop child labor. This depicts to my viewers what the publications by Hine and the NCLC looked like. My viewers can experience what citizens did when they saw these posters, and they can better understand why Hine's stand was so effective.
---. High Cost of Child Labor. C, 1913/1914. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/ncl2004002772/PP/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a pamphlet created by Lewis Hine with his photographs, that tries to show society the negative effects of child labor. Hine was able to stand up against the employers by publishing these posters in every community he could reach, exposing the realities of child labor to the public.
---. Injured Boy. Library of Congress, 1915, www.loc.gov/resource/nclc.03078/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a photograph of an injured boy outside of a hospital. This was taken by Hine, and displays how dangerous child labor was, and why it was necessary for Hine to take action.
---. Injured Worker. Library of Congress, 1916, www.loc.gov/resource/nclc.03091/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a photograph taken by Hine of an injured workers standing outside of the hospital. This vividly depicts what children were facing, and why it was necessary for Hine to take a stand and stop child labor.
---. Jacksonville, Florida, Messenger boys. Mar. 1913. Library of Congress, Congress.Gov, www.loc.gov/item/ncl2004003905/PP/. Accessed 16 May 2017.
This photograph of these messenger boys shows Hine's exaggerated style, as these boys are not mangled in any sort or even currently working while the photo was taken. Yet, these boys posses a sort of pained expression that is plastered across their faces, which still hit me with so much emotion, even though we don't even face child labor in the U.S. any more. I have displayed this photograph in my website, to show my viewers how awful child labor really was, and why it was necessary for it to end.
---. Jennie Rizzandi. Jan. 1913. Library of Congress, Congress.Gov, www.loc.gov/item/ncl2004003081/PP/. Accessed 16 May 2017.
This is a photograph of a young girl working in dangerous conditions with her family, making little to no money for the hard work and long hours she puts in. I have incorporated this photograph into my website to show my viewers just how serious the child labor issue really was, and Lewis Hine's role was crucial in ending child labor.
---. John Howell. Aug. 1908. Library of Congress, Congress.Gov, www.loc.gov/item/ncl2004000142/PP/. Accessed 16 May 2017.
This is a photograph of a young newsboy, and the caption provided by Hine is quite alarming. In the caption it states that this young boy who works starting at 6 a.m. is sometimes paid 0.75 cents. This is crazy that he is working such crazy hours, and yet doesn't have a steady income. I have displayed this photo in my website to show my viewers how serious the child labor circumstances were.
---. Lack of Education. NCLC, 1913/1914. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004002781/PP/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a leaflet that Lewis Hine created with his photos, in order to persuade American citizens to put an end to child labor. I will display this in my website to show my viewers one of the ways Hine took a stand against child labor. With these posters Hine was able to show the truth to citizens, and cause them to want to make change.
---. "Moral Dangers." Alamy, Alamy Ltd., 1913, www.alamy.com/stock-photo-anti-child-labor-poster-national-child-labor-committee-exhibit-panel-95944124.html. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a photograph of a leaflet that Lewis Hine created with his photographs, and published to try and convince the public to stop child labor. I will display this in my website to show my viewers Hine's efforts to take a stand against child labor.
Hine, Lewis W. Operating an Automatic Press. 31 Jan. 1917. Library of Congress, Congress.Gov, www.loc.gov/item/ncl2004004935/PP/. Accessed 16 May 2017.
This photograph of a young girl shows the vast amount of jobs children took on. Children weren't just working in fields and mills, but also in printing presses. It seems almost every industry took advantage of children to benefit themselves economically. I displayed this photo in my website to show my viewers the realities of child labor .
Hine, Lewis Wickes. Newspaper comments on new child labor law in Penn. Location: Pennsylvania. Jan. 1910. The Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004000558/PP/. Accessed 2 Jan. 2017.
This is a Newspaper that was published in 1910, and was created by Lewis Hine, that stated that new labor laws are increasing school populations. This shows how Lewis Hine took a stand, creating and publishing his works, and also it shows the positive effects his efforts are having.
HINE: CHILD LABOR, 1917. - 11-year-old bakery worker in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Photograph by Lewis Hine, April 1917.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 25 May 2016.
http://quest.eb.com/search/140_1699542/1/140_1699542/cite. Accessed 9 Dec 2016.
This image shows a child who obviously does not have the proper conditions for a healthy young child, and who has been over worked. This helps me understand why child labor was such an issue. I will use this photograph in my website to show viewers the squalid conditions, and Lewis Hine's work.
HINE: CHILD LABOR, 1917. - Five-year-old newsboy, Hymie Miller, at work in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Photograph by Lewis Hine, March 1917.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 25 May 2016. http://quest.eb.com/search/140_1690915/1/140_1690915/cite. Accessed 9 Dec 2016.
This is an image of a newsboy, who is obviously very young, and not fit to endure the harsh working conditions he faces. This helps me understand the work Lewis Hine did to take a stand against child labor. I will use this photograph in my website to show my viewers what Lewis Hine photographed, and what changed the mind of so many American citizens.
HINE: CHILD LABOR, 1917. - 15 year old Gertrude Belier, hemming curtains at a factory in Boston, Massachusetts. Photograph by Lewis Hine, 29 January 1917.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/140_1690913/1/140_1690913/cite. Accessed 18 Dec 2016.
This is a photo of a young girl, age 15 working in a hemming factory. This shows me the awful working conditions children faced, and why Lewis Hine felt so strongly about child labor, so much so he took a stand against it. I will use this photograph in my website to display how children were treated, and what Lewis Hine did to take a stand.
HINE: ELLIS ISLAND, 1905. - An immigrant family at Ellis Island: photographes c1905 by Lewis W. Hine.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/140_1636007/1/140_1636007/cite. Accessed 8 Jan 2017.
This is a photo that Lewis Hine took in the beginning of his career of immigrants at Ellis Island. This photograph is of a family. I have utilized this photo in a slideshow in my website to show my viewers some of Hine's previous work as well as what was a key stepping stone in his career.
IMMIGRANTS, 1905. - An immigrant family being tagged at Ellis Island for a railroad trip: photographed by Lewis Hine in 1905.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/140_1637821/1/140_1637821/cite. Accessed 8 Jan 2017.
This is a photograph of an immigrant family being tagged for a railroad trip that Hine took at the beginning of his career while at Ellis Island. I have displayed this photo in a slideshow to show my viewers some of Hine's previous work. Hine's work at Ellis Island was important because it paved the road for his work against child labor.
IMMIGRANTS: ELLIS ISLAND. - An Armenian Jew at Ellis Island: photographed by Lewis Hine, c1924.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/140_1641295/1/140_1641295/cite. Accessed 8 Jan 2017.
This is a photo Lewis Hine took in the beginning of his career at Ellis Island. This photo is of an Armenian Jew, who is passing through Ellis Island. I have used this photo in a slideshow in my website to show my viewers some of Hine's previous work. This was a key stepping stone in his career that helped generate his passion for photography, and lead him to taking a stand against child labor.
IMMIGRANTS: ELLIS ISLAND. - A Czech grandmother at Ellis Island, c1900. Photographed by Lewis W. Hine.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/140_1636674/1/140_1636674/cite. Accessed 8 Jan 2017.
This is a photo of a Czech woman who is passing through Ellis Island that Lewis Hine took near the beginning of his career. I have displayed this in a slide show in my website to show my viewers some of Hine's previous work. Hine's work at Ellis Island was important because it started his career of photography, and lead him to taking a stand.
National Child Labor Committe, and Lewis W. Hine. Some Questions Answered. National Child Labor Committe, 1914. The Center on Congress at Indiana University, tpscongress.indiana.edu/congressional-moments-html/3-primary-sources-gallery.html. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a leaflet made by Lewis Hine and the National Child Labor Committee, trying to convince the public to stop child labor. These were part of Hine's efforts to take a stand, and were quite effective. Publications such as these woke America up, and caused them to want to make change. I have displayed this in my website to show my viewers what caused such a big change, and part of how Lewis Hine took a stand.
NCLC. Child Labor To-Day. NCLC. Harvard Business School, www.library.hbs.edu/hc/nd/visual-evidence/lewis-hine-photographs/. Accessed 24 Nov. 2016.
This pamphlet published by the NCLC describes what society should do about child labor, which was passing laws regulating labor, and what citizens should do about child labor. At the bottom if the pamphlet it encourages you to join the NCLC.
---, illustrator. He Is a Messenger Boy. NCLC. Velo Aficionado, www.veloaficionado.com/blog/lewis-wickes-hine-bicycle-messenger-portraits. Accessed 8 Jan. 2017.
This is a leaflet published by the NCLC and Lewis Hine. They used this to take a stand against employers, and show the public the truths of child labor. This shows my viewers what lengths the NCLC and Lewis Hine went to, in order to bring child labor to its knees.
"1913 - The Exploitation of Child Workers." Inquiry Unlimited, edited by Boston KidWeb, Boston KidWeb, 24 Dec. 2011, inquiryunlimited.org/ss_1900s/1913_child_labor/1913_child_labor.html. Accessed 23 Dec. 2016.
This is a webpage, that shows different posters that the National Child Labor Committee and Lewis Hine put together to take a stand against Child Labor. The posters use Lewis Hine's photographs as evidence to citizens that what the poster was displaying was not made up, but real, and a problem. These posters show how Lewis Hine was able to display his work in a fashion that was able to grab the public's attention, and take a stand against child employers.
Photo of Felix Alder. Uphill All the Way: The Fortunes of Progressivism, Kevin C. Murphy, 2013, www.kevincmurphy.com/uatw-newdeal-child.html. Accessed 8 Jan. 2017.
This is a photograph of Felix Alder, the founder of the National Child Labor Committee. This photo show my viewers the man who was a founder of the NCLC, which was the committee Hine joined forces with to take a stand against child labor.
Stieglitz, Alfred. Georgia O'Keeffe. 1918. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1997.61.25/.
I used this photograph to show my viewers how Lewis Hine pioneered documentary photography. This is a photo taken by Alfred Stieglitz, and is a more refined romanticized photograph. This is what photography was before Hine. Hine went against the societal norm of photography and chose to use photography as a social and educational reform tool. I have compared this photo to one of Hine's so that my viewers can see the contrast between the two different forms of photography.
Todd, Charles L, et al. Cotton Picker's Song, The. Shafter FSA Camp, August 3, 1940. Audio. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <https://www.loc.gov/item/toddbib000046/>.
This song was performed and written by 14 year old LLoyd Stalcup. He just made this song up, and it describes his day, reason for coming to pick cotton, and his hopes for the future. Some key lyrics are "I pull my back from day to day...", and "I ain't got a dime." These two lyrics show that the young boy was only doing this back breaking work, because it was his only way to survive, and make a little money.
United States Supreme Court. Court Records. The Center on Congress at Indiana University, Trustees of Indiana University, 1918, tpscongress.indiana.edu/congressional-moments-html/3-primary-sources-gallery.html. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a photograph of the Keating Owens Act, which was one of the outcomes of the stand Lewis Hine took against child labor. This photograph shows my viewers what the document look like, as well as to show them one of the positive effects of the stand Lewis Hine took against child labor.
Woody, Christopher. Every Child Should Work. Lewis Hine and NCLC. Business Insider, www.businessinsider.com/photos-of-child-labor-in-united-states-2016-9. Accessed 7 Jan. 2017.
I used this leaflet to show my viewers the publications that Lewis Hine and the NCLC created to show the public what was going on. They used this leaflet to try and convince the public that child labor was evil and needed to be stopped. I displayed this in my website.
Secondary Sources
Amack, Chelsea. "Child Labor." Child Labor, edited by Chelsea Amack, Kaw Valley Unified School District 321, 2005, www.kawvalley.k12.ks.us/schools/rjh/marneyg/05_history-projects/05_amack_childlabor.htm. Accessed 24 Nov. 2016.
This website was about Lewis Hine, who took a stand against child labor. This article gave me a lot of information on child labor and the laws passed to protect children against illegal labor. It discussed the awful conditions children faced, and the hours that children were required to work. The website said that an average day was 12-19 hours and children worked 6 days a week. It also said that the overseers were especially cruel to the children. Lastly, the website gave information on what the labor laws passed cover, and the work requirements for non-agricultural jobs for children.
Burgan, Michael. "Lewis Hine and the History of U.S. Child Labor: Echoes." Bloomberg View, Bloomberg L.P., 19 Jan. 2012, www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2012-01-19/lewis-hine-and-the-history-of-u-s-child-labor-echoes. Accessed 4 Dec. 2016.
This was a brief article that explained Lewis Hine's role in the end of child labor. It explained how he was able to get into factories, as well as take hid photos of the children in the factories. It also explained Lewis Hine's views on how his photographs affected citizens, by quoting him. It explained that Hine had to cover a lot of land to obtain his photos. Lastly, it explained why Hine took such an interest in child labor. It said that he was appalled by the lack of education all of these working children had. The article said that Hine encountered a boy who claimed to be 12 years old, who couldn't write his name. This article was essential for me to understand why Lewis Hine took a stand against child labor, and what he did that was so effective.
Cade, D. L. "Lewis Hine’s Photography and The End of Child Labor in the United States." PetaPixel, Disqus, 7 Sept. 2013, petapixel.com/2013/09/07/lewis-hines-photography-end-child-labor-united-states/. Accessed 14 Nov. 2016.
This is a brief article that states the goals of the National Child Labor Committee, as well as how Lewis Hine helped them accomplish their goal. The article explained the efforts Lewis Hine made to obtain his photographs, and give a quote from a photo historian, Daile Kaplan who describes how Hine operated. The article from the blog also gives a handful of photographs from Lewis Hine, courtesy of the Library of Congress, which houses many pf Lewis Hine's photographs. These photographs and article helped me understand how Hine was able to take a stand against child labor.
Carey, Bill. "Condition of Tennessee’s child laborers exposed in pictures." The Tennessee Magazine, edited by The Tennessee Magazine, Tennessee Electric Cooperative Association, July 2014, www.tnmagazine.org/condition-of-tennessees-child-laborers-exposed-in-pictures/. Accessed 2 Jan. 2017.
This was a brief article discussing child labor in Tennessee, and Hine's role in taking a stand against child labor. I used a quote from this website, and put it on my website to show my viewers Hine's goal. This article told me how Hine took a stand against child labor, and why it was necessary for him to do so.
"Child Labor." Freedom 4 Children, WordPress, Mar. 2012, freedom4children.wordpress.com/category/what-is-child-labor/. Accessed 2 Jan. 2017.
This is a poster published by the National Child Labor Committee trying to convince the public to join. I will use this poster in my website to show my viewers what the NCLC was showing the public, an what they were doing to gain momentum in their campaign against child labor. Lewis Hine worked with the NCLC to take a stand against child labor, and they were big part of helping him take a stand.
Davis, Kay. "Lewis Hine." Documenting the "Other Half," edited by Kay Davis, U of Virginia, 2000-2003, xroads.virginia.edu/~ma01/davis/photography/hine/hine.html. Accessed 26 Nov. 2016.
This brief article informed me mainly on Lewis Hine's efforts to end child labor, but mainly told me that Lewis Hine was instrumental in ending child labor, and that the NCLC wouldn't have been able to do much, or present a valid case with solid evidence without Lewis Hine. This article was very helpful for me to understand how Lewis Hine took a stand against child labor.
Dickerman, Kenneth. "20 Haunting Portraits of Child Laborers in 1900s America." The Washington Post, 31 Oct. 2016. The Washington Post, www.washingtonpost.com/news/in-sight/wp/2016/10/31/20-haunting-portraits-of-child-laborers-in-1900s-america/. Accessed 25 Nov. 2016.
This article from the Washington Post is mainly of Lewis Hine's photographs, which are primary sources, but there is a short article among the photos that briefly talks about Hine and his efforts with the NCLC to stop child labor. Photo Historian Daile Kaplan was also quoted in this article. This article also briefly talks about child labor in the 1900s. The photos in this article help me understand why Lewis Hine needed to take a stand.
"Dorsey Dixon- Babies in the Mill." Youtube, uploaded by Kylie Potter, Google, 12 June 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=80CBggcgq0w. Accessed 16 Jan. 2017.
This is a protest song written by Dorsey Dixon, on child labor. It explains the terrors of child labor, and the overlying theme that it just wasn't right. I will display this song in my website, to show my viewers how citizens were reacting, and the effects of Lewis Hine's stand. Because of the stand he took, he inspired others like Dorsey Dixon to stand up too, and also protest.
Dreier, Peter. "The Radical Images of Lewis Hine, Documentary Photographer." Huffington Post, 27 Sept. 2014. Huffington Post, www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-dreier/the-radical-images-of-lew_b_5893064.html. Accessed 8 Nov. 2016.
This is an article about Hine's career and his early life. I got a lot of information from this article, and learned quite a lot from it. This article showed me how Lewis Hine's photos influenced America to take a stand against child labor, and how they brought an end to child labor. This article provided me with quotes from Lewis Hine that I used in my website to help my viewers better understand the conditions children faced.
Eastern Illinois University Staff, editor. "The Source: Child Labor." Eastern Illinois University, edited by Eastern Illinois University Staff, www.eiu.edu/eiutps/newsletter_childlabor.php. Accessed 19 Nov. 2016.
This article was about child labor. I mainly used the first part of this article, which was a generalization of child labor. It stated the main reasons why child labor was attractive to businesses. These reasons were, Children could fit into tight spaces in factories and mines where adults couldn't go, children were also easier to control with threats and verbal and physical abuse that scared children into doing what a supervisor required. Most importantly, children were paid less than adults doing the same job. All this work left little time for school work and play. Many were illiterate, and they had no other way to make money than labor. In the final quarter of the 19th century, the number of children working under the age of 15 increased drastically. Labor laws had been passed to try to control what was happening, but businesses ignored these laws. This helped my understand why Lewis Hine needed to take a stand against child labor.
The Editors of Encyclopedia Brittanica, editor. "Lewis W. Hine." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 2016, www.britannica.com/biography/Lewis-W-Hine. Accessed 8 Nov. 2016.
This article by Britannica was a brief synopsis of Lewis Hine's life. It stated that he was an American photographer, who used his art to bring social ills to public attention. He was trained as a sociologist. Hine kept careful record of his conversations with the children he was photographing by secretly taking notes inside his coat pocket, and photographing birth entries in bibles. He measured children's heights by the buttons on his vest too. When photographing the Empire State Building he had himself swung over the streets in a basket or bucket, suspended from a crane or similar device. This helped me understand the lengths Lewis Hine had to go to in order to get his photographs to take a stand.
Estrin, James. "Lewis Hine: Photographer, Activist, Character." The New York Times, 26 Aug. 2011. The New York Times, lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/26/lewis-hine-photographer-activist-character/?_r=0. Accessed 8 Nov. 2016.
This article was an interview with Ms. Nordstrom , the curator of a major retrospective of more than 150 Lewis Hine photographs that opens September 7 in Paris. She said that Hine was one of the first people to affect social change with a photograph in a systematic, politically informed way. She also made the point that it was only very late in his career that the arts establishment paid any attention to him at all. Ms. Nordstrom also said that Lewis Hine covered 50,000 miles a year while working for the NCLC. He went as far West as Chicago, and as far South as Florida. Manny, his mentor recognized him as bright, and promising boy, and encouraged him to get an education. Nordstrom also stated that some of Hine's photos were used to persuade legislators to pass new laws. She also said that Hine didn't view his subjects as victims, he rather viewed them as people he cared deeply and respectfully for. This gave me a different point of view on Lewis Hine and how he took a stand, which has better helped me understand how he took a stand against child labor.
Evans, Becky. "The photos that changed America's child labor laws: Harrowing images of children as young as three forced to do back-breaking work in fields, factories and mines." Daily Mail [London, United Kingdom], 8 Apr. 2013. Daily Mail.com, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2305630/Lewis-Hine-Harrowing-images-child-labourers-children-young-forced-breaking-work-fields-factories-mines.html. Accessed 10 Dec. 2016.
This was a brief article, mainly focusing on Lewis Hine's career, especially dealing with child labor. This article not only contained information, but also photographs of Lewis Hine's that I will use in my website. The article discussed what Lewis Hine did to get his photographs, as well as how his photographs influenced child labor, and the laws that have been passed protecting children from the dangers of child labor. This is a secondary source because even though the photographs are primary, this article was published in 2013, making this source secondary.
Facts on File Staff, editor. "Hine, Lewis Wickes." Facts on File, Infobase Learning, 2016, icah.infobaselearning.com/icahencyarticle.aspx?ID=10610&sr=1. Accessed 4 Nov. 2016.
This article was a brief summary of Lewis Hine's career, and accomplishments. It talked briefly on how Lewis Hine took a stand against child labor, which furthered my understanding on how he took a stand.
Goldberg, Vicki. Lewis W. Hine Children at Work. New York, Prestel Verlag, 1999.
This book about Lewis Hine's photography was extremely helpful when I was conducting my research. I gained so much knowledge from this book about Lewis Hine, and his beliefs about photography. I also was able to retrieve information from this book about Hine's work against child labor, that I hadn't found in any of my other research. This book also contained many photographs, accompanied by Hine's very detailed captions. I used many of these photos and their captions in my website. I quoted this book several times in my website, because I thought that the information given was very precise and said very well. This book helped me better understand how Lewis Hine took a stand against child labor, and the means he went to, to achieve is goal.
"Hine, Lewis (1874−1940)." Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society. .Encyclopedia.com. 4 Dec. 2016 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
This brief article was mainly about Lewis Hine's work against child labor, and his efforts for reform against child labor. The article talked about how much Lewis Hine had to travel to retrieve his photographs. It also informed me about all the jobs of the children that Lewis Hine photographed. Lastly, it talked about the captions that accompanied Lewis Hine's photographs. It talked about all the information the was included in the captions. This article helped me further understand what Lewis Hine photographed to take a stand and all the information he had to retrieve while also taking photos in order to take a stand against child labor.
History.com Staff. "Child Labor." History.com, A+E Networks, 2009, www.history.com/topics/child-labor. Accessed 24 Nov. 2016.
This article discussed child labor, and the threats it posed to children. It explained why children were hired over adults, and why they were so useful. It also explained that they worked very long in terrible conditions for very little pay. It said that children worked to support their families, but were often forced to forgo an education. A shocking fact was that 18% of all American workers were under the age of 16 and in Southern mills 25% of the employees were below the age of 15.
---. "Industrial Revolution." History.com, edited by History.com Staff, A+E Networks, 2009, www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution. Accessed 23 Dec. 2016.
This article was a brief summary on the Industrial Revolution. I will use it to further my knowledge on the topic, and also will use some of this information in my website under historical context, because the Industrial Revolution was the main reason child labor was such a big issue. The Industrial Revolution caused Lewis Hine to have to take a stand against the horrors of child labor.
International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum Staff. "Lewis Hine." International Hall of Fame and Museum, edited by International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum Staff, iphf.org/inductees/lewis-hine/. Accessed 3 Nov. 2016.
This is a short text biography of Lewis Hine. I will use this to gain knowledge on Lewis Hine's background, and previous careers, which will help me gain knowledge on his experience with sociology, and photography. This article also discussed Lewis Hine's involvement with child labor, and how he took a stand with photography.
The J. Paul Getty Museum staff, compiler. Lewis W. Hine. The J. Paul Getty Trust. The J. Paul Getty Museum, www.getty.edu/art/collection/artists/1566/lewis-w-hine-american-1874-1940/. Accessed 3 Nov. 2016.
This is a very brief biography of Lewis Hine, that discussed his work with the National Child Labor Committee, as well as his approach to photography. This also has hundreds of Lewis Hine's photos, which are primary sources. I will use this to gain knowledge on Lewis Hine's work with the NCLC, but also to understand how Hine thought, and went about his photography. I will also use these photos in my website to show viewers his work, and also the terrible working conditions the children faced, and why Lewis Hine and the NCLC fought so hard for this cause. This article showed how Lewis Hine took a stand against Child Labor with his photography, and his efforts with the NCLC to take a stand against child labor. This is a secondary source because the article written before the photos, which are primary is secondary source, which makes this whole source secondary.
"Lewis W. Hine." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 23 Apr. 2014.school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/311691. Accessed 4 Nov. 2016.
This article was a brief summary of Hine's life. It discussed his birth and death date, but mainly stressed his career and achievements. It said that Hine trained as a sociologist, and began his photographing on immigrants in Ellis Island. He later moved to taking pictures of child labor, and eventually worked for the NCLC. In later life, he worked for the Red Cross, and also photographed the construction of the empire state building.
Library of Congress. "The Industrial Revolution in the United States." Library of Congress, edited by Library of Congress, Congress.gov, www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/primarysourcesets/industrial-revolution/pdf/teacher_guide.pdf. Accessed 29 Dec. 2016.
This short summary of the Industrial Revolution gave me a lot of knowledge on the Industrial Revolution, and was very helpful in my research. It helped me understand what the Industrial Revolution even was, and also the impact it had on society. I learned that the Industrial Revolution is what kick started child labor, and is what cause Lewis Hine to have to take a stand against child labor.
Lockett, Terry E. "Remembering Lewis Hine." The Humanist.com, American Humanist Association,
thehumanist.com/magazine/september-october-2011/features/remembering-lewis-hine. Accessed 23 Aug. 2011.
This article helped give me knowledge on Lewis Hine's life when he was not taking photos of children in awful working conditions. It talked about his personal life, as well as his other career moves. The article told me that Lewis Hine dedicated his life to photographing child labor. It said that when he took his job with the NCLC, he left his wife and child to do so. It also said that Hine worked with the Red Cross, as well as photographing the empire state building. The author said that Hine's work made the faces of laborers unforgettable, showing Hine's work had a lasting effect on his viewers.
Mississippi Gulf Coast Museum of Historical Photography. "Lewis W. Hine and Child Labor on the Mississippi Gulf Coast." Mississippi Gulf Coast Museum of Historical Photography, edited by Mississippi Gulf Coast Museum of Historical Photography, Weebly, www.msmohp.com/lewis-w-hine.html. Accessed 23 Jan. 2017.
I used this website for the purpose of obtaining photos. This website had a large number of photographs that I used in my website. These were mainly photos of children working in canneries, and I will display these photos in one of a few different galleries that will show the different industries that Hine photographed. By taking photographs, Hine was able to take a stand against employers.
Murrmann, Mark. "The Photos That Helped End Child Labor in the United States." MotherJones, Mother Jones and the Foundation for National Progress, 3 Oct. 2015, www.motherjones.com/environment/2015/10/kids-coal-mines-lewis-hines-photos. Accessed 25 Jan. 2017.
This webpage had a brief summary of Hine's career, but I mainly used this source to retrieve photos for my website. This website had many different photos of coal miners along with captions to the photos written by Hine. I will display these photos in my website to show my viewers the different industries Hine photographed in order to take a stand against employers, and stir the consciences of American citizens. These were the photos that woke America.
Mussio, Gina. "Wisconsin / Art Lewis Hine: How Photography Ended Child Labour in the USA." Culture Trip, 2016, theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/wisconsin/articles/lewis-hine-how-photography-ended-child-labour-in-the-usa/. Accessed 26 Nov. 2016.
This article had a lot of information on how Lewis Hine took a stand against child labor. It said that because was was a good teacher, it allowed him to work well with children, which was key to obtaining all of the information for his captions. Lewis Hine had to not just take a picture of the children, but he also had to work with them. He needed the children's cooperation for his work to be successfully carried out. The article also talked about how Lewis Hine used the buttons on his vest to measure the children's heights. It said that if the child didn't know their age or wouldn't give it to him, he would estimate their age based on the other information he obtained. Lastly, it stated the Hine's photos were showcased in many different ways, that the public were able to view, and that were able to influence the public enough to get labor laws passed. I used a few photos displayed in this article in my website.
National Archives Staff. "Teaching With Documents: Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of Child Labor." The National Archives, The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 23 Aug. 2016, www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hine-photos. Accessed 31 Oct. 2016.
This source was very helpful. It gave me some basic information on Lewis Hine, and on America's economy during that time. It told me that during the industrial revolution, the number of children working industrial jobs climbed from 1.5 million to 2 million. While working these dangerous jobs, the children developed serious health problems, which consisted of being underweight, stunted growth, and curvature in the spine. Children also developed serious illnesses, related to their work. For example, those who worked in coal mine, and cotton mills developed tuberculosis and bronchitis. In the early 1900s Americans were calling child labor child slavery, and were demanding to end it. Then, in 1904, a group of progressive reformers founded the NCLC. Hine believed that a picture could tell a powerful story. He felt so strongly about the abuse of children, he quit his job and became and investigative photographer for the NCLC. He tricked his way into factories to take the pictures the factory managers didn't want the public to see To get the captions for his photos, he interviewed the children and then scribbled notes with his hand hidden in his pocket. Hine believed that is people could see the abuses and injustices of child labor, them would demand the end of it.
NCLC Staff, editor. "Lewis Wickes Hine and the Lewis Hine Awards." National Child Labor Committee, edited by NCLC Staff, 2010, www.nationalchildlabor.org/lha.html. Accessed 19 Nov. 2016.
This brief article gave information on how Lewis Hine was able to accomplish retrieving all of his photos, and captions. It also stated how instrumental Lewis Hine was for the NCLC, he gave them the leverage they needed to pass laws against child labor.
New England Historical Society Staff. "Child Labor Exposed: The Legacy of Photographer Lewis Hine." New England Historical Society, edited by Wordpress, 2015, www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/child-labor-exposed-legacy-photographer-lewis-hine/. Accessed 18 Dec. 2016.
This brief article on Lewis Hine, mainly discussed how his legacy lives on. The article discussed how Hine's work helped create the Children's Bureau, as well as Laws against child labor. The article also discussed how Lewis Hine has an award in his name given out to those who show excellent work in helping young people. It explained how Hine got these photos that created a legacy for himself. I will use this to help develop my understanding on Hine's impact on society. This information helps me understand the effects of the stand Lewis Hine took against child labor.
Simkin, John. "Lewis Hine." Spartucus Educational, edited by Peter McMillan, Spartacus Educational Publishers, 1997-2016, spartacus-educational.com/IRhine.htm. Accessed 26 Nov. 2016.
This article talked about many important aspects of Hine's Life. It discussed his work on Ellis Island, where he did a photographic study of immigrants. It also talked about the many books that were published of Hine's work. The article also discussed Hine's work against child labor. It brought up an interesting fact that I was not aware of though. It said, that Hine faced critics who said his photographs were not shocking enough, but Hine defended himself by saying that if the citizens thought the photographs were accurate, they were more likely to join the campaign against child labor. I thought this was very interesting, and I was kind of shocked that people questioned Hine's work. The article also talks about how Hine was able to get into the factories to take pictures. Lastly, the article talked about Hine's other careers with the Red Cross and the Empire State building. The article also quoted Hine and Mrs. Gutman.
Smith, Sandy. "The Photographs of Lewis Hine: The Industrial Revolution and Child Laborers [Photo Gallery]." EHS Today, Penton, 9 Apr. 2014, ehstoday.com/galleries/photographs-lewis-hine-industrial-revolution-and-child-laborers-photo-gallery#slide-24-field_images-31331. Accessed 10 Dec. 2016.
This webpage had a collection of 25 photographs, as well as a brief article that describes Lewis Hine's work, and how he helped end child labor and establish laws that protected children from the evils of child labor. I used the article to better understand how Lewis Hine influenced the end of child labor, and I will use some of the photographs displayed in this webpage, as well as Lewis Hine's captions that are with each photo. This webpage helped me better understand what Lewis Hine did to end child labor, and establish laws, and also showed me his photographs and captions that were the cause to the end of child labor. This is a secondary source, because even though there are photographs, which are primary, it has an article written in 2014, which makes the whole source secondary. I used many of these photographs in my website.
Smith - Shank, Deborah L. "Lewis Hine and His Photo Stories: Visual Culture and Social Reform." JSTOR. JSTOR, gec307.pbworks.com/f/lewis+hine+and+his+photo+stories.pdf. Accessed 9 Dec. 2016.
This journal, was full of information that helped me understand my topic more clearly. This journal quoted Hine many times, as he was expressing his thoughts and feelings on his work, and the influence it had on the public's opinion. This article also quoted a mill owner who said some appalling things about his workers, and showed how little the workers were thought of by the factory/mill owners. The article also revealed some interesting information that I haven't seen yet, and that was about Hine's technique, and how he got children to stare into the camera, which causes viewers to feel more sympathy for the children. It also explained that the captions added a lot of important information on the photo, and each photo almost told a story by itself. This article was extremely important for me to understand how Lewis Hine took a stand, and how he was able to make his photography effective, which caused the end to child labor. I will use the information from this article in my website, and maybe quote the article in my website, because the article gave a lot of good information, and stated it in a very clear concise way. I used a photograph from this article in my website.
Sutherland, Tracy. "Lewis Hine: The child labour photos that shamed America." BBC, 12 Apr. 2012, www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17673213. Accessed 8 Nov. 2016.
This brief article by BBC talked about his works on the Empire State Building, as well as his most important work with the NCLC. It explained the content of his photos, saying that he took photos of very young children in coal mines and cotton mills. It also explained how important he was in passing US labor laws to protect children.
University of Iowa, editor. "Child Labor in U.S. History." Child Labor Public Education Project, edited by University of Iowa, U of Iowa, www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu/laborctr/child_labor/about/us_history.html. Accessed 7 Jan. 2017.
This brief article on the history of child labor, mainly informed me on previous laws that had been put in place to stop child labor. I learned that numerous laws had been put in place, and were unsuccessful in ending child labor. Therefore, showing how prominent it was for Lewis Hine to take a stand against child laborers, and why his skills were needed in the fight against child labor.
The University of Richmond, editor. "The Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916." The History Engine, edited by The University of Richmond, U of Richmond, 2008, historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5309. Accessed 28 Dec. 2016.
This was a short article explaining what the Keating Owens Act encompassed, and how it protected children. I learned what the law did for children, and what Hine's work accomplished. I mainly used the first paragraph of this article, for I quoted it in my website to show the viewers of my website what was in the Keating Owens Act. This shows the effects of the stand Lewis Hine took.
U.S. Department of Labor. "Child Labor Reform Exhibit 5." U.S. Department of Labor, edited by U.S. Department of Labor,
www.dol.gov/oasam/wirtzlaborlibrary/bib/special/childlabor_5.htm. Accessed 28 Dec. 2016.
This was a short summary of the Fair Labor Standards Act, which was the final law passed against child labor, in which protects children today. This taught me what was in the Fair Labor Standards Act, and how it helped children. I quoted part of this short summary in my website, to show viewers of my website what the Fair Labor Standards Act covered. This shows me the end result of the stand Hine took against child labor.
---. "Child Labor Reform Exhibit 4." U.S. Department of Labor, edited by U.S. Department of Labor, www.dol.gov/oasam/wirtzlaborlibrary/bib/special/childlabor_4.htm. Accessed 28 Dec. 2016.
I used this brief summary on child labor conditions to show the viewers of my website what children faced, and what was really going on. I quoted this, and used it in my website. This showed me why it was so crucial for Hine to take a stand against child labor. If this continued to go on, children might still be facing these conditions, and I might not even be in school.
Article 2. Mornings on Maple Street, morningsonmaplestreet.com/2014/11/26/arthur-albicker-page-one/article2/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a photograph of a newspaper article that is reporting that school attendance was up, with the new child labor laws in place. I will display the photographs on my website, to show my viewers evidence of the educational system improving. This was another one of the positive effects that Lewis Hine's stand had.
Bos, Carole "Poster: National Child Labor Committee" AwesomeStories.com. Oct 07, 2013. Nov 24, 2016.
This is a poster that the National Child Labor Committee published to try to persuade citizens to join the NCLC. I used this to gain information on the NCLC. The NCLC was a major part in Lewis Hine taking a stand against child labor.
CHILD LABOR, c1910. - A young cotton picker in the American South. Photographed c1910 by Lewis W. Hine.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 25 May 2016. http://quest.eb.com/search/140_1634831/1/140_1634831/cite. Accessed 9 Dec 2016.
This photograph shows a little boy who is obviously too young to be working. This article shows me first hand why child labor was such a hot topic, and why it was important Lewis Hine stood up against it. This photograph shows viewers the conditions Lewis Hine photographed, and gives them a sense of the impact his photographs had on its viewers.
CHILD LABOR, 1908. - Ten year old Sadie Feifer working in a North Carolina cotton mill. Photographed in 1908 by Lewis W. Hine.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016. quest.eb.com/search/140_1638887/1/140_1638887/cite. Accessed 18 Dec 2016.
This is a photograph of a young girl, 10 years old, that Lewis Hine captured of her working in the mill. This photograph displays one of Hine's techniques, which is having the subject stare directly into the camera, therefore causing the viewer to feel deep emotions, and sympathy for the child. This showed me the terrible conditions children faced, and why it was crucial for Hine to fight against child employers who were taking advantage of children, and why Lewis Hine's role in ending child labor was essential. This photograph displays to my viewers what conditions children faced, and the actions Hine took to end child labor.
CHILD LABOR: BOOTBLACK, 1924. - A young bootblack at work near City Hall Park in New York City. Photograph by Lewis Hine, 1924.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016. quest.eb.com/search/140_1705725/1/140_1705725/cite. Accessed 18 Dec 2016.
This is a photo of a young child who is shining a man's shoe on the side of the street, instead of learning in school. This photograph showed me what Lewis Hine did to take a stand, and the difference from then and today because of Hine. Today no child in the U.S. is shining shoes on the side of the street, but back then it was common. This photo informs my viewers on the working conditions children faced, and why it was necessary for Hine to take a stand, as well as what he did.
Child Labor Law at the Federal Level. Snohomish County Labor Council, www.snolabor.org/pages/laborlaw.htm. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a photograph of a newspaper article that was published reporting that the Keating Owens Act was ruled unconsitutional. This event on the child labor timeline is especially important, because it shows the tremendous struggle lawmakers, and activists went through in order to create labor laws.
ELLIS ISLAND: IMMIGRANTS. - Immigrants being served sandwiches and milk: photograph, c1920, by Lewis Hine at Ellis Island, New York.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/140_1657962/1/140_1657962/cite. Accessed 8 Jan 2017.
This is a photo of immigrants being served sandwiches at Ellis Island taken by Hine, at the beginning of his career. This was essential, because it was what triggered his passion for photography which led him to take a stand against child labor. I used these photos in a slideshow in my website to show my viewers his previous work.
GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, 1920. - German immigrants in a dining hall: photograph taken c1920, by Lewis Hine at Ellis Island, New York.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016. quest.eb.com/search/140_1629625/1/140_1629625/cite. Accessed 8 Jan 2017.
This is a photograph of German immigrants dining that Hine took in the beginning of his career, while at Ellis Island. These photographs allow me to show my viewers some of Hine's previous work before he began his massive project, entailing child labor. This is important because Hine's work at Ellis Island was the beginning of a long career in photography, which led him to take a stand against child labor.
Granger Historical Picture Archive Staff, editor. Lewis Hine Photographs. Granger - Historical Picture Archive, 2016. Granger Historical Picture Archive, www.granger.com/results.asp?search=1&screenwidth=1920&tnresize=200&pixperpage=40&searchtxtkeys=lewis%20hine&lstorients=132. Accessed 4 Nov. 2016.
This is a series of more than eight hundred photographs taken by Lewis Hine. These photographs show children working in awful conditions, as well as immigrants, which were part of one of Lewis Hine's earlier projects. These photographs from Lewis Hine depict how Lewis Hine took a stand against child labor.
Hine, Lewis. "Bertha, a six-year old oyster shucker. Began work at 4 am, 1912." History in Photos, Blogger, 1912, historyinphotos.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2012-05-07T08:58:00-07:00&max-results=7&start=45&by-date=false. Accessed 9 Jan. 2017.
This is a photo of a young shucker, outside of the workplace, that Hine took when he couldnt gain entry. I will display this in my website to show viewers some photos that Hine took when he could not gain entry into the workplace. This is how Lewis Hine took a stand against child labor.
---. "Josie, six, Bertha, six, Sophie, 10, all shuck regularly. Maggioni Ca." History in Photos, Blogger, 4 May 2012, historyinphotos.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2012-05-07T08:58:00-07:00&max-results=7&start=45&by-date=false. Accessed 9 Jan. 2017.
This is a photograph of 3 girls out side of the workplace, who are oyster shuckers. I will display this in my website to show viewers some photos that Hine took when he could not gain entry into the workplace. These photos are how Lewis Hine fought against child labor.
---. "Lewis Hine Collection." Lewis Hine Collection, edited by UMBC Digital Collections Editors. UMBC Digital Collections, contentdm.ad.umbc.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/hinecoll. Accessed 8 Nov. 2016.
This is a collection of thousands of Lewis Hine's photographs. These photographs vary from his photos on child labor, Ellis Island, and his photos of the construction of the Empire State Building. This collection also includes a brief synopsis of Lewis Hine's life, including his different stages in his career and his early and late life.
---. "Notes." The Center on Congress at Indiana University, Trustees at Indiana University, 1909, tpscongress.indiana.edu/congressional-moments-html/3-primary-sources-gallery.html. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a photograph of the notes Lewis Hine made when he interviewed children in a Maryland cannery. This showed me how Hine was able to gain all of the information in his captions. I will display this photograph in my website to show my viewers how Hine obtained the information for his captions. With notes like these Hine was able to compose captions that helped him take a stand against child labor.
---. "Spinner in Vivian Cotton Mills." World Digital Library, Library of Congress, 12 Feb. 2016, www.wdl.org/en/item/206/. Accessed 3 Nov. 2016.
This photograph was one taken by Lewis Hine. This showed me, what his work was like, and the awful situation children were in during this time period. I can see the look of helplessness through her facial expressions.
Hine, Lewis W. At Society's Expense. NCLC. Media Storehouse, www.mediastorehouse.com/anti-child-labor-poster-american-exhibit-panel-showing/print/12318533.html?pid=80442. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a leaflet created by Lewis Hine with his photos, to try to persuade citizens to put an end to child labor. This shows my viewers how Hine took a stand, therefore they can understand why Hine's posters were so effective, because they will experience the guilt feelings that citizens did too, when they see those posters.
---. Child Labor is a National Menace. Child Labor, mrclark.aretesys.com/childlabor.htm. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This leaflet composed of Hine's photographs was made by Hine to try to convince the public to stop child labor. This displays what Hine did to stir the consciences of so many.
---. Everybody Pays but Few Profit by Child Labor. NCLC, 1913/1914. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/ncl2004002774/PP/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a poster designed by Lewis Hine, with his photos, and published by the NCLC with a goal of trying to persuade viewers to stop child labor. This depicts to my viewers what the publications by Hine and the NCLC looked like. My viewers can experience what citizens did when they saw these posters, and they can better understand why Hine's stand was so effective.
---. High Cost of Child Labor. C, 1913/1914. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/ncl2004002772/PP/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a pamphlet created by Lewis Hine with his photographs, that tries to show society the negative effects of child labor. Hine was able to stand up against the employers by publishing these posters in every community he could reach, exposing the realities of child labor to the public.
---. Injured Boy. Library of Congress, 1915, www.loc.gov/resource/nclc.03078/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a photograph of an injured boy outside of a hospital. This was taken by Hine, and displays how dangerous child labor was, and why it was necessary for Hine to take action.
---. Injured Worker. Library of Congress, 1916, www.loc.gov/resource/nclc.03091/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a photograph taken by Hine of an injured workers standing outside of the hospital. This vividly depicts what children were facing, and why it was necessary for Hine to take a stand and stop child labor.
---. Jacksonville, Florida, Messenger boys. Mar. 1913. Library of Congress, Congress.Gov, www.loc.gov/item/ncl2004003905/PP/. Accessed 16 May 2017.
This photograph of these messenger boys shows Hine's exaggerated style, as these boys are not mangled in any sort or even currently working while the photo was taken. Yet, these boys posses a sort of pained expression that is plastered across their faces, which still hit me with so much emotion, even though we don't even face child labor in the U.S. any more. I have displayed this photograph in my website, to show my viewers how awful child labor really was, and why it was necessary for it to end.
---. Jennie Rizzandi. Jan. 1913. Library of Congress, Congress.Gov, www.loc.gov/item/ncl2004003081/PP/. Accessed 16 May 2017.
This is a photograph of a young girl working in dangerous conditions with her family, making little to no money for the hard work and long hours she puts in. I have incorporated this photograph into my website to show my viewers just how serious the child labor issue really was, and Lewis Hine's role was crucial in ending child labor.
---. John Howell. Aug. 1908. Library of Congress, Congress.Gov, www.loc.gov/item/ncl2004000142/PP/. Accessed 16 May 2017.
This is a photograph of a young newsboy, and the caption provided by Hine is quite alarming. In the caption it states that this young boy who works starting at 6 a.m. is sometimes paid 0.75 cents. This is crazy that he is working such crazy hours, and yet doesn't have a steady income. I have displayed this photo in my website to show my viewers how serious the child labor circumstances were.
---. Lack of Education. NCLC, 1913/1914. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004002781/PP/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a leaflet that Lewis Hine created with his photos, in order to persuade American citizens to put an end to child labor. I will display this in my website to show my viewers one of the ways Hine took a stand against child labor. With these posters Hine was able to show the truth to citizens, and cause them to want to make change.
---. "Moral Dangers." Alamy, Alamy Ltd., 1913, www.alamy.com/stock-photo-anti-child-labor-poster-national-child-labor-committee-exhibit-panel-95944124.html. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a photograph of a leaflet that Lewis Hine created with his photographs, and published to try and convince the public to stop child labor. I will display this in my website to show my viewers Hine's efforts to take a stand against child labor.
Hine, Lewis W. Operating an Automatic Press. 31 Jan. 1917. Library of Congress, Congress.Gov, www.loc.gov/item/ncl2004004935/PP/. Accessed 16 May 2017.
This photograph of a young girl shows the vast amount of jobs children took on. Children weren't just working in fields and mills, but also in printing presses. It seems almost every industry took advantage of children to benefit themselves economically. I displayed this photo in my website to show my viewers the realities of child labor .
Hine, Lewis Wickes. Newspaper comments on new child labor law in Penn. Location: Pennsylvania. Jan. 1910. The Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004000558/PP/. Accessed 2 Jan. 2017.
This is a Newspaper that was published in 1910, and was created by Lewis Hine, that stated that new labor laws are increasing school populations. This shows how Lewis Hine took a stand, creating and publishing his works, and also it shows the positive effects his efforts are having.
HINE: CHILD LABOR, 1917. - 11-year-old bakery worker in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Photograph by Lewis Hine, April 1917.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 25 May 2016.
http://quest.eb.com/search/140_1699542/1/140_1699542/cite. Accessed 9 Dec 2016.
This image shows a child who obviously does not have the proper conditions for a healthy young child, and who has been over worked. This helps me understand why child labor was such an issue. I will use this photograph in my website to show viewers the squalid conditions, and Lewis Hine's work.
HINE: CHILD LABOR, 1917. - Five-year-old newsboy, Hymie Miller, at work in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Photograph by Lewis Hine, March 1917.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 25 May 2016. http://quest.eb.com/search/140_1690915/1/140_1690915/cite. Accessed 9 Dec 2016.
This is an image of a newsboy, who is obviously very young, and not fit to endure the harsh working conditions he faces. This helps me understand the work Lewis Hine did to take a stand against child labor. I will use this photograph in my website to show my viewers what Lewis Hine photographed, and what changed the mind of so many American citizens.
HINE: CHILD LABOR, 1917. - 15 year old Gertrude Belier, hemming curtains at a factory in Boston, Massachusetts. Photograph by Lewis Hine, 29 January 1917.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/140_1690913/1/140_1690913/cite. Accessed 18 Dec 2016.
This is a photo of a young girl, age 15 working in a hemming factory. This shows me the awful working conditions children faced, and why Lewis Hine felt so strongly about child labor, so much so he took a stand against it. I will use this photograph in my website to display how children were treated, and what Lewis Hine did to take a stand.
HINE: ELLIS ISLAND, 1905. - An immigrant family at Ellis Island: photographes c1905 by Lewis W. Hine.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/140_1636007/1/140_1636007/cite. Accessed 8 Jan 2017.
This is a photo that Lewis Hine took in the beginning of his career of immigrants at Ellis Island. This photograph is of a family. I have utilized this photo in a slideshow in my website to show my viewers some of Hine's previous work as well as what was a key stepping stone in his career.
IMMIGRANTS, 1905. - An immigrant family being tagged at Ellis Island for a railroad trip: photographed by Lewis Hine in 1905.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/140_1637821/1/140_1637821/cite. Accessed 8 Jan 2017.
This is a photograph of an immigrant family being tagged for a railroad trip that Hine took at the beginning of his career while at Ellis Island. I have displayed this photo in a slideshow to show my viewers some of Hine's previous work. Hine's work at Ellis Island was important because it paved the road for his work against child labor.
IMMIGRANTS: ELLIS ISLAND. - An Armenian Jew at Ellis Island: photographed by Lewis Hine, c1924.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/140_1641295/1/140_1641295/cite. Accessed 8 Jan 2017.
This is a photo Lewis Hine took in the beginning of his career at Ellis Island. This photo is of an Armenian Jew, who is passing through Ellis Island. I have used this photo in a slideshow in my website to show my viewers some of Hine's previous work. This was a key stepping stone in his career that helped generate his passion for photography, and lead him to taking a stand against child labor.
IMMIGRANTS: ELLIS ISLAND. - A Czech grandmother at Ellis Island, c1900. Photographed by Lewis W. Hine.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/140_1636674/1/140_1636674/cite. Accessed 8 Jan 2017.
This is a photo of a Czech woman who is passing through Ellis Island that Lewis Hine took near the beginning of his career. I have displayed this in a slide show in my website to show my viewers some of Hine's previous work. Hine's work at Ellis Island was important because it started his career of photography, and lead him to taking a stand.
National Child Labor Committe, and Lewis W. Hine. Some Questions Answered. National Child Labor Committe, 1914. The Center on Congress at Indiana University, tpscongress.indiana.edu/congressional-moments-html/3-primary-sources-gallery.html. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a leaflet made by Lewis Hine and the National Child Labor Committee, trying to convince the public to stop child labor. These were part of Hine's efforts to take a stand, and were quite effective. Publications such as these woke America up, and caused them to want to make change. I have displayed this in my website to show my viewers what caused such a big change, and part of how Lewis Hine took a stand.
NCLC. Child Labor To-Day. NCLC. Harvard Business School, www.library.hbs.edu/hc/nd/visual-evidence/lewis-hine-photographs/. Accessed 24 Nov. 2016.
This pamphlet published by the NCLC describes what society should do about child labor, which was passing laws regulating labor, and what citizens should do about child labor. At the bottom if the pamphlet it encourages you to join the NCLC.
---, illustrator. He Is a Messenger Boy. NCLC. Velo Aficionado, www.veloaficionado.com/blog/lewis-wickes-hine-bicycle-messenger-portraits. Accessed 8 Jan. 2017.
This is a leaflet published by the NCLC and Lewis Hine. They used this to take a stand against employers, and show the public the truths of child labor. This shows my viewers what lengths the NCLC and Lewis Hine went to, in order to bring child labor to its knees.
"1913 - The Exploitation of Child Workers." Inquiry Unlimited, edited by Boston KidWeb, Boston KidWeb, 24 Dec. 2011, inquiryunlimited.org/ss_1900s/1913_child_labor/1913_child_labor.html. Accessed 23 Dec. 2016.
This is a webpage, that shows different posters that the National Child Labor Committee and Lewis Hine put together to take a stand against Child Labor. The posters use Lewis Hine's photographs as evidence to citizens that what the poster was displaying was not made up, but real, and a problem. These posters show how Lewis Hine was able to display his work in a fashion that was able to grab the public's attention, and take a stand against child employers.
Photo of Felix Alder. Uphill All the Way: The Fortunes of Progressivism, Kevin C. Murphy, 2013, www.kevincmurphy.com/uatw-newdeal-child.html. Accessed 8 Jan. 2017.
This is a photograph of Felix Alder, the founder of the National Child Labor Committee. This photo show my viewers the man who was a founder of the NCLC, which was the committee Hine joined forces with to take a stand against child labor.
Stieglitz, Alfred. Georgia O'Keeffe. 1918. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1997.61.25/.
I used this photograph to show my viewers how Lewis Hine pioneered documentary photography. This is a photo taken by Alfred Stieglitz, and is a more refined romanticized photograph. This is what photography was before Hine. Hine went against the societal norm of photography and chose to use photography as a social and educational reform tool. I have compared this photo to one of Hine's so that my viewers can see the contrast between the two different forms of photography.
Todd, Charles L, et al. Cotton Picker's Song, The. Shafter FSA Camp, August 3, 1940. Audio. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <https://www.loc.gov/item/toddbib000046/>.
This song was performed and written by 14 year old LLoyd Stalcup. He just made this song up, and it describes his day, reason for coming to pick cotton, and his hopes for the future. Some key lyrics are "I pull my back from day to day...", and "I ain't got a dime." These two lyrics show that the young boy was only doing this back breaking work, because it was his only way to survive, and make a little money.
United States Supreme Court. Court Records. The Center on Congress at Indiana University, Trustees of Indiana University, 1918, tpscongress.indiana.edu/congressional-moments-html/3-primary-sources-gallery.html. Accessed 14 Jan. 2017.
This is a photograph of the Keating Owens Act, which was one of the outcomes of the stand Lewis Hine took against child labor. This photograph shows my viewers what the document look like, as well as to show them one of the positive effects of the stand Lewis Hine took against child labor.
Woody, Christopher. Every Child Should Work. Lewis Hine and NCLC. Business Insider, www.businessinsider.com/photos-of-child-labor-in-united-states-2016-9. Accessed 7 Jan. 2017.
I used this leaflet to show my viewers the publications that Lewis Hine and the NCLC created to show the public what was going on. They used this leaflet to try and convince the public that child labor was evil and needed to be stopped. I displayed this in my website.
Secondary Sources
Amack, Chelsea. "Child Labor." Child Labor, edited by Chelsea Amack, Kaw Valley Unified School District 321, 2005, www.kawvalley.k12.ks.us/schools/rjh/marneyg/05_history-projects/05_amack_childlabor.htm. Accessed 24 Nov. 2016.
This website was about Lewis Hine, who took a stand against child labor. This article gave me a lot of information on child labor and the laws passed to protect children against illegal labor. It discussed the awful conditions children faced, and the hours that children were required to work. The website said that an average day was 12-19 hours and children worked 6 days a week. It also said that the overseers were especially cruel to the children. Lastly, the website gave information on what the labor laws passed cover, and the work requirements for non-agricultural jobs for children.
Burgan, Michael. "Lewis Hine and the History of U.S. Child Labor: Echoes." Bloomberg View, Bloomberg L.P., 19 Jan. 2012, www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2012-01-19/lewis-hine-and-the-history-of-u-s-child-labor-echoes. Accessed 4 Dec. 2016.
This was a brief article that explained Lewis Hine's role in the end of child labor. It explained how he was able to get into factories, as well as take hid photos of the children in the factories. It also explained Lewis Hine's views on how his photographs affected citizens, by quoting him. It explained that Hine had to cover a lot of land to obtain his photos. Lastly, it explained why Hine took such an interest in child labor. It said that he was appalled by the lack of education all of these working children had. The article said that Hine encountered a boy who claimed to be 12 years old, who couldn't write his name. This article was essential for me to understand why Lewis Hine took a stand against child labor, and what he did that was so effective.
Cade, D. L. "Lewis Hine’s Photography and The End of Child Labor in the United States." PetaPixel, Disqus, 7 Sept. 2013, petapixel.com/2013/09/07/lewis-hines-photography-end-child-labor-united-states/. Accessed 14 Nov. 2016.
This is a brief article that states the goals of the National Child Labor Committee, as well as how Lewis Hine helped them accomplish their goal. The article explained the efforts Lewis Hine made to obtain his photographs, and give a quote from a photo historian, Daile Kaplan who describes how Hine operated. The article from the blog also gives a handful of photographs from Lewis Hine, courtesy of the Library of Congress, which houses many pf Lewis Hine's photographs. These photographs and article helped me understand how Hine was able to take a stand against child labor.
Carey, Bill. "Condition of Tennessee’s child laborers exposed in pictures." The Tennessee Magazine, edited by The Tennessee Magazine, Tennessee Electric Cooperative Association, July 2014, www.tnmagazine.org/condition-of-tennessees-child-laborers-exposed-in-pictures/. Accessed 2 Jan. 2017.
This was a brief article discussing child labor in Tennessee, and Hine's role in taking a stand against child labor. I used a quote from this website, and put it on my website to show my viewers Hine's goal. This article told me how Hine took a stand against child labor, and why it was necessary for him to do so.
"Child Labor." Freedom 4 Children, WordPress, Mar. 2012, freedom4children.wordpress.com/category/what-is-child-labor/. Accessed 2 Jan. 2017.
This is a poster published by the National Child Labor Committee trying to convince the public to join. I will use this poster in my website to show my viewers what the NCLC was showing the public, an what they were doing to gain momentum in their campaign against child labor. Lewis Hine worked with the NCLC to take a stand against child labor, and they were big part of helping him take a stand.
Davis, Kay. "Lewis Hine." Documenting the "Other Half," edited by Kay Davis, U of Virginia, 2000-2003, xroads.virginia.edu/~ma01/davis/photography/hine/hine.html. Accessed 26 Nov. 2016.
This brief article informed me mainly on Lewis Hine's efforts to end child labor, but mainly told me that Lewis Hine was instrumental in ending child labor, and that the NCLC wouldn't have been able to do much, or present a valid case with solid evidence without Lewis Hine. This article was very helpful for me to understand how Lewis Hine took a stand against child labor.
Dickerman, Kenneth. "20 Haunting Portraits of Child Laborers in 1900s America." The Washington Post, 31 Oct. 2016. The Washington Post, www.washingtonpost.com/news/in-sight/wp/2016/10/31/20-haunting-portraits-of-child-laborers-in-1900s-america/. Accessed 25 Nov. 2016.
This article from the Washington Post is mainly of Lewis Hine's photographs, which are primary sources, but there is a short article among the photos that briefly talks about Hine and his efforts with the NCLC to stop child labor. Photo Historian Daile Kaplan was also quoted in this article. This article also briefly talks about child labor in the 1900s. The photos in this article help me understand why Lewis Hine needed to take a stand.
"Dorsey Dixon- Babies in the Mill." Youtube, uploaded by Kylie Potter, Google, 12 June 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=80CBggcgq0w. Accessed 16 Jan. 2017.
This is a protest song written by Dorsey Dixon, on child labor. It explains the terrors of child labor, and the overlying theme that it just wasn't right. I will display this song in my website, to show my viewers how citizens were reacting, and the effects of Lewis Hine's stand. Because of the stand he took, he inspired others like Dorsey Dixon to stand up too, and also protest.
Dreier, Peter. "The Radical Images of Lewis Hine, Documentary Photographer." Huffington Post, 27 Sept. 2014. Huffington Post, www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-dreier/the-radical-images-of-lew_b_5893064.html. Accessed 8 Nov. 2016.
This is an article about Hine's career and his early life. I got a lot of information from this article, and learned quite a lot from it. This article showed me how Lewis Hine's photos influenced America to take a stand against child labor, and how they brought an end to child labor. This article provided me with quotes from Lewis Hine that I used in my website to help my viewers better understand the conditions children faced.
Eastern Illinois University Staff, editor. "The Source: Child Labor." Eastern Illinois University, edited by Eastern Illinois University Staff, www.eiu.edu/eiutps/newsletter_childlabor.php. Accessed 19 Nov. 2016.
This article was about child labor. I mainly used the first part of this article, which was a generalization of child labor. It stated the main reasons why child labor was attractive to businesses. These reasons were, Children could fit into tight spaces in factories and mines where adults couldn't go, children were also easier to control with threats and verbal and physical abuse that scared children into doing what a supervisor required. Most importantly, children were paid less than adults doing the same job. All this work left little time for school work and play. Many were illiterate, and they had no other way to make money than labor. In the final quarter of the 19th century, the number of children working under the age of 15 increased drastically. Labor laws had been passed to try to control what was happening, but businesses ignored these laws. This helped my understand why Lewis Hine needed to take a stand against child labor.
The Editors of Encyclopedia Brittanica, editor. "Lewis W. Hine." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 2016, www.britannica.com/biography/Lewis-W-Hine. Accessed 8 Nov. 2016.
This article by Britannica was a brief synopsis of Lewis Hine's life. It stated that he was an American photographer, who used his art to bring social ills to public attention. He was trained as a sociologist. Hine kept careful record of his conversations with the children he was photographing by secretly taking notes inside his coat pocket, and photographing birth entries in bibles. He measured children's heights by the buttons on his vest too. When photographing the Empire State Building he had himself swung over the streets in a basket or bucket, suspended from a crane or similar device. This helped me understand the lengths Lewis Hine had to go to in order to get his photographs to take a stand.
Estrin, James. "Lewis Hine: Photographer, Activist, Character." The New York Times, 26 Aug. 2011. The New York Times, lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/26/lewis-hine-photographer-activist-character/?_r=0. Accessed 8 Nov. 2016.
This article was an interview with Ms. Nordstrom , the curator of a major retrospective of more than 150 Lewis Hine photographs that opens September 7 in Paris. She said that Hine was one of the first people to affect social change with a photograph in a systematic, politically informed way. She also made the point that it was only very late in his career that the arts establishment paid any attention to him at all. Ms. Nordstrom also said that Lewis Hine covered 50,000 miles a year while working for the NCLC. He went as far West as Chicago, and as far South as Florida. Manny, his mentor recognized him as bright, and promising boy, and encouraged him to get an education. Nordstrom also stated that some of Hine's photos were used to persuade legislators to pass new laws. She also said that Hine didn't view his subjects as victims, he rather viewed them as people he cared deeply and respectfully for. This gave me a different point of view on Lewis Hine and how he took a stand, which has better helped me understand how he took a stand against child labor.
Evans, Becky. "The photos that changed America's child labor laws: Harrowing images of children as young as three forced to do back-breaking work in fields, factories and mines." Daily Mail [London, United Kingdom], 8 Apr. 2013. Daily Mail.com, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2305630/Lewis-Hine-Harrowing-images-child-labourers-children-young-forced-breaking-work-fields-factories-mines.html. Accessed 10 Dec. 2016.
This was a brief article, mainly focusing on Lewis Hine's career, especially dealing with child labor. This article not only contained information, but also photographs of Lewis Hine's that I will use in my website. The article discussed what Lewis Hine did to get his photographs, as well as how his photographs influenced child labor, and the laws that have been passed protecting children from the dangers of child labor. This is a secondary source because even though the photographs are primary, this article was published in 2013, making this source secondary.
Facts on File Staff, editor. "Hine, Lewis Wickes." Facts on File, Infobase Learning, 2016, icah.infobaselearning.com/icahencyarticle.aspx?ID=10610&sr=1. Accessed 4 Nov. 2016.
This article was a brief summary of Lewis Hine's career, and accomplishments. It talked briefly on how Lewis Hine took a stand against child labor, which furthered my understanding on how he took a stand.
Goldberg, Vicki. Lewis W. Hine Children at Work. New York, Prestel Verlag, 1999.
This book about Lewis Hine's photography was extremely helpful when I was conducting my research. I gained so much knowledge from this book about Lewis Hine, and his beliefs about photography. I also was able to retrieve information from this book about Hine's work against child labor, that I hadn't found in any of my other research. This book also contained many photographs, accompanied by Hine's very detailed captions. I used many of these photos and their captions in my website. I quoted this book several times in my website, because I thought that the information given was very precise and said very well. This book helped me better understand how Lewis Hine took a stand against child labor, and the means he went to, to achieve is goal.
"Hine, Lewis (1874−1940)." Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society. .Encyclopedia.com. 4 Dec. 2016 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
This brief article was mainly about Lewis Hine's work against child labor, and his efforts for reform against child labor. The article talked about how much Lewis Hine had to travel to retrieve his photographs. It also informed me about all the jobs of the children that Lewis Hine photographed. Lastly, it talked about the captions that accompanied Lewis Hine's photographs. It talked about all the information the was included in the captions. This article helped me further understand what Lewis Hine photographed to take a stand and all the information he had to retrieve while also taking photos in order to take a stand against child labor.
History.com Staff. "Child Labor." History.com, A+E Networks, 2009, www.history.com/topics/child-labor. Accessed 24 Nov. 2016.
This article discussed child labor, and the threats it posed to children. It explained why children were hired over adults, and why they were so useful. It also explained that they worked very long in terrible conditions for very little pay. It said that children worked to support their families, but were often forced to forgo an education. A shocking fact was that 18% of all American workers were under the age of 16 and in Southern mills 25% of the employees were below the age of 15.
---. "Industrial Revolution." History.com, edited by History.com Staff, A+E Networks, 2009, www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution. Accessed 23 Dec. 2016.
This article was a brief summary on the Industrial Revolution. I will use it to further my knowledge on the topic, and also will use some of this information in my website under historical context, because the Industrial Revolution was the main reason child labor was such a big issue. The Industrial Revolution caused Lewis Hine to have to take a stand against the horrors of child labor.
International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum Staff. "Lewis Hine." International Hall of Fame and Museum, edited by International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum Staff, iphf.org/inductees/lewis-hine/. Accessed 3 Nov. 2016.
This is a short text biography of Lewis Hine. I will use this to gain knowledge on Lewis Hine's background, and previous careers, which will help me gain knowledge on his experience with sociology, and photography. This article also discussed Lewis Hine's involvement with child labor, and how he took a stand with photography.
The J. Paul Getty Museum staff, compiler. Lewis W. Hine. The J. Paul Getty Trust. The J. Paul Getty Museum, www.getty.edu/art/collection/artists/1566/lewis-w-hine-american-1874-1940/. Accessed 3 Nov. 2016.
This is a very brief biography of Lewis Hine, that discussed his work with the National Child Labor Committee, as well as his approach to photography. This also has hundreds of Lewis Hine's photos, which are primary sources. I will use this to gain knowledge on Lewis Hine's work with the NCLC, but also to understand how Hine thought, and went about his photography. I will also use these photos in my website to show viewers his work, and also the terrible working conditions the children faced, and why Lewis Hine and the NCLC fought so hard for this cause. This article showed how Lewis Hine took a stand against Child Labor with his photography, and his efforts with the NCLC to take a stand against child labor. This is a secondary source because the article written before the photos, which are primary is secondary source, which makes this whole source secondary.
"Lewis W. Hine." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 23 Apr. 2014.school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/311691. Accessed 4 Nov. 2016.
This article was a brief summary of Hine's life. It discussed his birth and death date, but mainly stressed his career and achievements. It said that Hine trained as a sociologist, and began his photographing on immigrants in Ellis Island. He later moved to taking pictures of child labor, and eventually worked for the NCLC. In later life, he worked for the Red Cross, and also photographed the construction of the empire state building.
Library of Congress. "The Industrial Revolution in the United States." Library of Congress, edited by Library of Congress, Congress.gov, www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/primarysourcesets/industrial-revolution/pdf/teacher_guide.pdf. Accessed 29 Dec. 2016.
This short summary of the Industrial Revolution gave me a lot of knowledge on the Industrial Revolution, and was very helpful in my research. It helped me understand what the Industrial Revolution even was, and also the impact it had on society. I learned that the Industrial Revolution is what kick started child labor, and is what cause Lewis Hine to have to take a stand against child labor.
Lockett, Terry E. "Remembering Lewis Hine." The Humanist.com, American Humanist Association,
thehumanist.com/magazine/september-october-2011/features/remembering-lewis-hine. Accessed 23 Aug. 2011.
This article helped give me knowledge on Lewis Hine's life when he was not taking photos of children in awful working conditions. It talked about his personal life, as well as his other career moves. The article told me that Lewis Hine dedicated his life to photographing child labor. It said that when he took his job with the NCLC, he left his wife and child to do so. It also said that Hine worked with the Red Cross, as well as photographing the empire state building. The author said that Hine's work made the faces of laborers unforgettable, showing Hine's work had a lasting effect on his viewers.
Mississippi Gulf Coast Museum of Historical Photography. "Lewis W. Hine and Child Labor on the Mississippi Gulf Coast." Mississippi Gulf Coast Museum of Historical Photography, edited by Mississippi Gulf Coast Museum of Historical Photography, Weebly, www.msmohp.com/lewis-w-hine.html. Accessed 23 Jan. 2017.
I used this website for the purpose of obtaining photos. This website had a large number of photographs that I used in my website. These were mainly photos of children working in canneries, and I will display these photos in one of a few different galleries that will show the different industries that Hine photographed. By taking photographs, Hine was able to take a stand against employers.
Murrmann, Mark. "The Photos That Helped End Child Labor in the United States." MotherJones, Mother Jones and the Foundation for National Progress, 3 Oct. 2015, www.motherjones.com/environment/2015/10/kids-coal-mines-lewis-hines-photos. Accessed 25 Jan. 2017.
This webpage had a brief summary of Hine's career, but I mainly used this source to retrieve photos for my website. This website had many different photos of coal miners along with captions to the photos written by Hine. I will display these photos in my website to show my viewers the different industries Hine photographed in order to take a stand against employers, and stir the consciences of American citizens. These were the photos that woke America.
Mussio, Gina. "Wisconsin / Art Lewis Hine: How Photography Ended Child Labour in the USA." Culture Trip, 2016, theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/wisconsin/articles/lewis-hine-how-photography-ended-child-labour-in-the-usa/. Accessed 26 Nov. 2016.
This article had a lot of information on how Lewis Hine took a stand against child labor. It said that because was was a good teacher, it allowed him to work well with children, which was key to obtaining all of the information for his captions. Lewis Hine had to not just take a picture of the children, but he also had to work with them. He needed the children's cooperation for his work to be successfully carried out. The article also talked about how Lewis Hine used the buttons on his vest to measure the children's heights. It said that if the child didn't know their age or wouldn't give it to him, he would estimate their age based on the other information he obtained. Lastly, it stated the Hine's photos were showcased in many different ways, that the public were able to view, and that were able to influence the public enough to get labor laws passed. I used a few photos displayed in this article in my website.
National Archives Staff. "Teaching With Documents: Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of Child Labor." The National Archives, The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 23 Aug. 2016, www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hine-photos. Accessed 31 Oct. 2016.
This source was very helpful. It gave me some basic information on Lewis Hine, and on America's economy during that time. It told me that during the industrial revolution, the number of children working industrial jobs climbed from 1.5 million to 2 million. While working these dangerous jobs, the children developed serious health problems, which consisted of being underweight, stunted growth, and curvature in the spine. Children also developed serious illnesses, related to their work. For example, those who worked in coal mine, and cotton mills developed tuberculosis and bronchitis. In the early 1900s Americans were calling child labor child slavery, and were demanding to end it. Then, in 1904, a group of progressive reformers founded the NCLC. Hine believed that a picture could tell a powerful story. He felt so strongly about the abuse of children, he quit his job and became and investigative photographer for the NCLC. He tricked his way into factories to take the pictures the factory managers didn't want the public to see To get the captions for his photos, he interviewed the children and then scribbled notes with his hand hidden in his pocket. Hine believed that is people could see the abuses and injustices of child labor, them would demand the end of it.
NCLC Staff, editor. "Lewis Wickes Hine and the Lewis Hine Awards." National Child Labor Committee, edited by NCLC Staff, 2010, www.nationalchildlabor.org/lha.html. Accessed 19 Nov. 2016.
This brief article gave information on how Lewis Hine was able to accomplish retrieving all of his photos, and captions. It also stated how instrumental Lewis Hine was for the NCLC, he gave them the leverage they needed to pass laws against child labor.
New England Historical Society Staff. "Child Labor Exposed: The Legacy of Photographer Lewis Hine." New England Historical Society, edited by Wordpress, 2015, www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/child-labor-exposed-legacy-photographer-lewis-hine/. Accessed 18 Dec. 2016.
This brief article on Lewis Hine, mainly discussed how his legacy lives on. The article discussed how Hine's work helped create the Children's Bureau, as well as Laws against child labor. The article also discussed how Lewis Hine has an award in his name given out to those who show excellent work in helping young people. It explained how Hine got these photos that created a legacy for himself. I will use this to help develop my understanding on Hine's impact on society. This information helps me understand the effects of the stand Lewis Hine took against child labor.
Simkin, John. "Lewis Hine." Spartucus Educational, edited by Peter McMillan, Spartacus Educational Publishers, 1997-2016, spartacus-educational.com/IRhine.htm. Accessed 26 Nov. 2016.
This article talked about many important aspects of Hine's Life. It discussed his work on Ellis Island, where he did a photographic study of immigrants. It also talked about the many books that were published of Hine's work. The article also discussed Hine's work against child labor. It brought up an interesting fact that I was not aware of though. It said, that Hine faced critics who said his photographs were not shocking enough, but Hine defended himself by saying that if the citizens thought the photographs were accurate, they were more likely to join the campaign against child labor. I thought this was very interesting, and I was kind of shocked that people questioned Hine's work. The article also talks about how Hine was able to get into the factories to take pictures. Lastly, the article talked about Hine's other careers with the Red Cross and the Empire State building. The article also quoted Hine and Mrs. Gutman.
Smith, Sandy. "The Photographs of Lewis Hine: The Industrial Revolution and Child Laborers [Photo Gallery]." EHS Today, Penton, 9 Apr. 2014, ehstoday.com/galleries/photographs-lewis-hine-industrial-revolution-and-child-laborers-photo-gallery#slide-24-field_images-31331. Accessed 10 Dec. 2016.
This webpage had a collection of 25 photographs, as well as a brief article that describes Lewis Hine's work, and how he helped end child labor and establish laws that protected children from the evils of child labor. I used the article to better understand how Lewis Hine influenced the end of child labor, and I will use some of the photographs displayed in this webpage, as well as Lewis Hine's captions that are with each photo. This webpage helped me better understand what Lewis Hine did to end child labor, and establish laws, and also showed me his photographs and captions that were the cause to the end of child labor. This is a secondary source, because even though there are photographs, which are primary, it has an article written in 2014, which makes the whole source secondary. I used many of these photographs in my website.
Smith - Shank, Deborah L. "Lewis Hine and His Photo Stories: Visual Culture and Social Reform." JSTOR. JSTOR, gec307.pbworks.com/f/lewis+hine+and+his+photo+stories.pdf. Accessed 9 Dec. 2016.
This journal, was full of information that helped me understand my topic more clearly. This journal quoted Hine many times, as he was expressing his thoughts and feelings on his work, and the influence it had on the public's opinion. This article also quoted a mill owner who said some appalling things about his workers, and showed how little the workers were thought of by the factory/mill owners. The article also revealed some interesting information that I haven't seen yet, and that was about Hine's technique, and how he got children to stare into the camera, which causes viewers to feel more sympathy for the children. It also explained that the captions added a lot of important information on the photo, and each photo almost told a story by itself. This article was extremely important for me to understand how Lewis Hine took a stand, and how he was able to make his photography effective, which caused the end to child labor. I will use the information from this article in my website, and maybe quote the article in my website, because the article gave a lot of good information, and stated it in a very clear concise way. I used a photograph from this article in my website.
Sutherland, Tracy. "Lewis Hine: The child labour photos that shamed America." BBC, 12 Apr. 2012, www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17673213. Accessed 8 Nov. 2016.
This brief article by BBC talked about his works on the Empire State Building, as well as his most important work with the NCLC. It explained the content of his photos, saying that he took photos of very young children in coal mines and cotton mills. It also explained how important he was in passing US labor laws to protect children.
University of Iowa, editor. "Child Labor in U.S. History." Child Labor Public Education Project, edited by University of Iowa, U of Iowa, www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu/laborctr/child_labor/about/us_history.html. Accessed 7 Jan. 2017.
This brief article on the history of child labor, mainly informed me on previous laws that had been put in place to stop child labor. I learned that numerous laws had been put in place, and were unsuccessful in ending child labor. Therefore, showing how prominent it was for Lewis Hine to take a stand against child laborers, and why his skills were needed in the fight against child labor.
The University of Richmond, editor. "The Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916." The History Engine, edited by The University of Richmond, U of Richmond, 2008, historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5309. Accessed 28 Dec. 2016.
This was a short article explaining what the Keating Owens Act encompassed, and how it protected children. I learned what the law did for children, and what Hine's work accomplished. I mainly used the first paragraph of this article, for I quoted it in my website to show the viewers of my website what was in the Keating Owens Act. This shows the effects of the stand Lewis Hine took.
U.S. Department of Labor. "Child Labor Reform Exhibit 5." U.S. Department of Labor, edited by U.S. Department of Labor,
www.dol.gov/oasam/wirtzlaborlibrary/bib/special/childlabor_5.htm. Accessed 28 Dec. 2016.
This was a short summary of the Fair Labor Standards Act, which was the final law passed against child labor, in which protects children today. This taught me what was in the Fair Labor Standards Act, and how it helped children. I quoted part of this short summary in my website, to show viewers of my website what the Fair Labor Standards Act covered. This shows me the end result of the stand Hine took against child labor.
---. "Child Labor Reform Exhibit 4." U.S. Department of Labor, edited by U.S. Department of Labor, www.dol.gov/oasam/wirtzlaborlibrary/bib/special/childlabor_4.htm. Accessed 28 Dec. 2016.
I used this brief summary on child labor conditions to show the viewers of my website what children faced, and what was really going on. I quoted this, and used it in my website. This showed me why it was so crucial for Hine to take a stand against child labor. If this continued to go on, children might still be facing these conditions, and I might not even be in school.